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Showing posts with label LIS. Show all posts
Showing posts with label LIS. Show all posts

Thursday, June 14, 2012

UGC-NET Objective Question, Practice Set A


PRACTICE SET-A

1. Number of devices that are related to recall and precision has been studied by
(A) Gilchrist
(B) Vickery
(C) Lancaster
(D) Ranganathan

2. User studies in Social Sciences was carried out by
(A) Kuhn
(B) Brittain
(C) Line
(D) Allen

3. An entry that is made for the subject of a chapter in a book is referred to as
(A) Cross Reference Entry
(B) Cross Reference Index Entry
(C) Class Index Entry
(D) Book Index Entry

4. The concept of UBC was introduced by
(A) UNESCO
(B) LC
(C) FID
(D) IFLA

5. In Sears, List of Subject Headings preferred headings are indicated by
(A) Marking them as preferred headings
(B) Printing them in bold type
(C) Underlining them
(D) Italicising them

6. Identify the association that has changed its original name:
(A) ILA
(B) SLA
(C) LA
(D) ALA

7. Conference proceedings are considered as documents.
(A) Conventional
(B) Primary
(C) Secondary
(D) Tertiary

8. Rules for Dictionary Catalogue were devised by:
(A) A. Pannizzi
(B) C. C. Jewet
(C) S. Lubetzky
(D) C. A. Cutter

9. RSS feed is a tool of:
(A) Graphic design
(B) Web 1.0
(C) Web 2.0
(D) Architecture

10. An appropriate source to find out descriptive information is
(A) Bibliography
(B) Directory
(C) Encyclopedia
(D) Dictionary

11. Glossary is a:
(A) List of technical words with definitions
(B) List of words in a language
(C) List of thematically arranged words
(D) Alphabetical index to passages of work

12. One of the following search engines is exclusively meant for scientific information:
(A) Google
(B) Yahoo
(C) SCIRUS
(D) Altavista

13. Technological Gatekeeper is :
(A) A formal method of giving current awareness service
(B) A method of technology assessment and evaluation
(C) A process of transfer of technology
(D) An informal mechanism of keeping user informed of relevant development

14. Who among the following honoured with ‘Nobel Prize’ for his substantial contribution in Documentation?
(A) S. C. Bradford
(B) Loosjes
(C) Eric De Grolier
(D) Henri La Fontaine

15. The Farmington plan is associated with:
(A) Library Legislation
(B) Library Cataloguing
(C) Library Cooperation
(D) Library Indexing Service

16. UNESCO assisted Model Public Library in India is located at:
(A) Kolkata
(B) Delhi
(C) Mumbai
(D) Chennai

17. Mark the ‘odd one out’:
(A) Cow-Calf principle
(B) Principle of osmosis
(C) Wall picture principle
(D) Whole organ principle

18. Information is …
(A) Raw data
(B) Raw knowledge
(C) Input data
(D) Organized data

19. ‘Fair use’ is a term most relevant to:
(A) Intellectual Property Rights
(B) Books borrowed for home reading
(C) Copy right
(D) Use of reference books

20. WIPO stands for:
(A) World Information and Patents Organisation
(B) World Intellectual Property Organisation
(C) World International Property Organisation
(D) World Information Protection Organisation

21. Handling of Information in the sense of production is called:
(A) Information Marketing
(B) Information Industry
(C) Information Production
(D) Information Revolution

22. GUI stands for :
(A) Graphic User Interface
(B) Graphic User Interaction
(C) Graphic Utility Interface
(D) Great Union of India

23. Shelf list facilitates
(A) Classification
(B) Weeding out
(C) Stock verification
(D) Documentation

24. The office of Patent Information System in India is at
(A) Mumbai
(B) New Delhi
(C) Kolkata
(D) Nagpur

25. Questionnaire is a:
(A) Research method
(B) Measurement technique
(C) Tool for data collection
(D) Data analysis technique

26. A periodical evaluation of an employee is done through
(A) Job rotation
(B) Performance appraisal
(C) Refresher course
(D) Work guide

27. CCF stands for
(A) Current Classification Format
(B) Current Communication Format
(C) Common Communication Format
(D) Common Classification Format

28. “Controlled Group” is a term used in
(A) Survey research
(B) Historical research
(C) Experimental research
(D) Descriptive research

29. ‘Noise’ in Information Retrieval is due to
(A) Precision
(B) Recall
(C) Relevant information
(D) Redundant information

30. BERN CONVENTION (1886) is concerned with:
(A) Translations
(B) Copyright
(C) Patent
(D) Standards

31. List-I                                                            List-II
   (Forms of Communication)                                (Medium)
(A) Communication Barrier                                1. Radio
(B) Communication Medium                               2. Shannon and Weaver
(C) Communication Model                                 3. Formal
(D) Communication Channel                               4. Noise
Code :
              (a)         (b)            (c)           (d)
(A)          1           2              3             4
(B)           4          1              2             3
(C)          2           3              4             1
(D)          3           2              1             4

32. Informal communication among knowledgeable person is known as:
(A) Invisible College
(B) Information Gatekeeper
(C) Communication Gatekeeper
(D) Knowledge Management

33. Match the following :
         List-I                                                            List-II
   (  Terms )                                                            (Forms of Communication)
(A) Invisible College                                             1. Physical carrier
(B) Noise                                                             2. Formal channel
(C) Medium                                                         3. Barreir
(D) Document                                                      4. Informal channel
Code :
              (a)         (b)            (c)           (d)
(A)           1          2              3             4
(B)           2          1              3             4
(C)          4           3              2             1
(D)          4           3              1             2

34. Which one of the following is not associated with the communication system?
 (A) Receiver                              
(B) Channel                            
(C) Sender                              
(D) Entropy                        

35. Which is correct logical sequence of the following?
(A)  Information, Knowledge, Data, Wisdom                            
(B)  Knowledge, Wisdom, Information, Data                          
(C)  Wisdom, Information, Data, Knowledge                              
(D)  Data, Infomation, Knowledge, Wisdom                      

36. The invisible web refers to-
(A)  the internet, since we cannot see it                            
(B)  that part of the internet, which is hidden from the search engines                          
(C)  the telecommunication signals which are not seen                              
(D)  the failure in accessing the web pages                        

37. Who was the chairman of National Library Committee of India.
(A)   B.S. Jha                        
(B)  K.P. Sinha                        
(C)  S. Mudaliar                              
(D)  C.D. Deshmukh                      

38. Which organisation applied Library and Information Policy in India at national level.
(A)   NISSAT                        
(B)  INSDOC                      
(C) UNESCO                            
(D)  RRRLF              

39. Where is the head quarter of Patent Information System in India.
(A)   Pune                  
(B)   Mumbai                  
(C)  Nagpur                        
(D)  Delhi                    

40. The act enacted in India in 1856 on Intellectual Property Right was based on .
(A)  American Patent Law 1810                        
(B)  British Patent Law 1852          
(C)  The Patent Bill                          
(D)  The Design Act of 1911                    

41. Whether intellectual property can be sold.
(A)  No
(B)  Sale is possible
(C)  Yes
(D)  None of these

42. The term communication came from which language?
(A)  Greek
(B)  Latin
(C)  German
(D)  French

43. Who is the propounder of the term information transfer?
(A)  Ranganathan                
(B)  J.Martin                    
(C)  Beesman                      
(D)  Calvin Moores      

44. To which country the credit is given to coin the term information society ?
(A)  USA            
(B)  France                
(C)  Japan                  
(D)  India                

45. Today information is regarded as which of the following ?
(A)   Wealth            
(B)  Commodity            
(C)  Products        
(D)  All the above                

46. Now a day what is a most important vital resource for societal development of a country?
(A)  Books          
(B)  Kowledge              
(C)  Information                
(D)  Data                  

47. What is the unit of information?
(A)  Bit              
(B)  Byte            
(C)  Gram                
(D)  Hertz                

48. Delivery of Book Act passed in the year
(A) 1963
(B) 1972
(C) 1960
(D) 1954

49. Who is the Father of a Computer
(A) Steve Jobs
(B) Vint Cerf
(C) Tim Berners-Lee
(D) Charles Babbage

50. The concept “Invisible College” first used by:
(A) Eugene Garfield
(B) Derek Solla Price
(C) Allent Kent
(D) Carl Savage

51. Who enunciated the term ‘Hypertext’?
(A) E. Garfield
(B) Bill Gates
(C) Ted Nelson
(D) Raj Reddy

52.  ‘Cranfield Project’ is an example of
(A) Experimental Research
(B) Survey Research
(C) Case Study
(D) Historical Research

53. IFLA took up the “Universal Availability of Publication” program in the year…………
(A) 1973
(B) 1976
(C) 1972
(D) 1970

54. International Information System on Research in Documentation (ISORID) was established by:
(A) IFLA
(B) UNESCO
(C) SLA
(D) ALA

55. When Dr.S. R. Ranganathan was appointed as a National research professor of Library Science
(A) 1942
(B) 1962
(C) 1972
(D) 1952

56. Which Indian University first started M.Lib.Sc. & M.Phil courses
(A) University of Delhi
(B) University of Madras
(C) S.N.D.T. Women University, Bombay
(D) Aligar Muslim University

57. Which Commission recommended 10% of the total college budget for development of Libraries?
(A) Dr. S. R. Ranganathan Committee
(B) Mehrotra Committee
(C) Kothari committee
(D) Curriculum development committee in LIS

58. Who gave the sixth law of library science “Every reader his/her freedom”?
(A) Walt Crawford
(B) Michael Gorman
(C) James R. Rettig
(D) Lenart Bjorneborn

59. Who publishes INIS Atom Index?
(A) INIS (Viena)
(B) LC
(C ) ICSU
(D) AGRIS

60. Where was the first library noticed in India?
(A) Taxila
(B) Nalanda
(C) Vallabhi
(D) Sravasti

61. The five laws of Library Science published in the book form in the year
(A)1924
(B)1931
(C)1928
(D)1930

62. Library Techology Report is a publication of
(A) ALA
(B) IASLIC
(C) LA
(D) ILA

63. ABGILA is a quarterly publication of
(A) Assam Library Association
(B) Andhra Desa Library Association
(C) Indian Library Association
(D) Raja Ram Mohun Roy Foundation

64. Match the following
(A)  American Library Association                    a)1946
(B)The Canadian Library Association                b)1932
(C)Special Libraries Association                       c)1909
 D)The Association of Research Libraries         d)1876
Codes
(A) c, b,d,a
(B) a,c,d,b
(C) b,a,d,c
(D) d,a,c,b

65.  What is the meaning of E-Documents?
(A) All Documents other than printed
(B) Non-Paper documents
(C ) In electronic form such as Cassettes, CD-ROMs, etc.
(D) Audio visual tools

66. Which of the following is not the document?
(A) Manuscript
(B) Book
(C) Inscription
(D) Periodical

67. Generally the information sources are divided mainly in to following categories?
(A) Primary and secondary.
(B) Reference and information sources.
(C) Documentary and non-documentary
(D) Books and periodicals

68. Which service demands the creation of a ‘user’ profile?
(A) CAS
(B) Information retrieval
(C) SDI
(D) Reference service

69. “Reference service is the contact between the right reader and the right book in the right personal way” was stated by…
(A) D J Foskett
(B) S R Ranganathan
(C) James I Wyer
(D) A.L.A Glossary of library terms

70. What are non- documentary sources?
(A) Which are in printed form.
(B) Which are in not printed form
(C) Which are nor documents
(D) None of these

71. Today which type of information sources is most useful?
(A) Reference sources
(B) Documentary source
(C) Non- Documentary source
(D) Both the Documentary and Non-Documentary sources

72. Cover to cover translation is treated as
(A) Selective dissemination service
(B) Current awareness services
(C) On demand services
(D) Anticipatory services

73. Abstracting service provides…
(A) Abstract of articles
(B) Whole bibliographic description of articles
(C) Whole bibliographic description along with abstracts of article
(D) Whole bibliographic sources

74. Mobile library is a kind of which service?
(A) Reference service
(B) Extension service
(C) Ready reference service
(D) Long range reference service

75. Sear’s List of Subject Headings (SLSH) is mainly useful for
(A) Small and medium libraries
(B) Special libraries
(C) Academic libraries
(D) College libraries

76. Who enunciated the five fundamental categories
(A) Benjamin A. Custer
(B) Paul Otlet
(C) Dr. S. R. Ranganathan
(D) W. C. Sayers

77. Who enunciated the subject Classification
(A) J. D. Brown
(B) W. C. Sayers
(C) Benjamin A.Custer
(D) Frist Donker Duyvis

78. How many Auxiliary tables are there in DDC 23rd Edition
(A) 16
(B) 6
(C) 7
(D) 8

79. Colon classification was first published in
(A) 1905
(B) 1931
(C) 1933
(D) 1944

80. Phoenix schedules are part of which classification
(A) CC
(B) DDC
(C) UDC
(D) LCC

81. The person who provides reference service is called
(A) Chief librarian
(B) Grade One Librarian
(C) Deputy Librarian
(D) Reference Librarian

82. CAS is defined as
(A) A process of dissemination of information
(B) A process of information
(C) A process of dissemination of current information
(D) A simple information service

83. Feedback mechanism is a part of which service?
(A) Reprography service
(B) CAS
(C) Translation service
(D) SDI

84. Who is the Editor in Chief of 23rd Edition of DDC
(A) Benjamin A. Custer
(B) John P. Comaromi
(C) Winton E. Matthews
(D) John S. Mitchell

85. The term prenatal cataloguing first used by
(A) Michael Gorman
(B) Dr. S.R.Ranganathan
(C) E.B.Ross
(D) Melvin Dewey

86. “POSDCORB” coined by
(A) Peter F. Drucker
(B) Harold Koontz
(C) F.W. Taylor
(D) Luther Gulick

87. When was the different typological study towards mode of formation of subjects done?
(A) 1950
(B) 1960
(C) 1970
(D) 1975

88. In which edition “Auxiliary table for area” was first introduced?
(A) DDC 14
(B) DDC 15
(C) DDC 16
(D) DDC 17

89. What does LED stands for in CC?
(A) Latest Energy Developments
(B) Latest Effective Decade
(C) Large Energy Distribution
(D) Lowest Effective Decade

90. When Peter F. Drucker defined M.B.O. (Management by Objectives) ?
(A) 1950
(B) 1960
(C)1954
(D) 1964

91. Who said the demand and supply theory of books?
(A) Melvil Dewey
(B) Dr. S. R. Ranganathan
(C) Mc Colvin
(D) Sayers

92. Who devised Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) System?
(A) Melville Dewey
(B) Dr. S. R. Ranganathan
(C) Tim Berners-Lee
(D) Vint Cerf

93. Periodicity of IASLIC Bulletin is?
(A) Quarterly
(B) Monthly
(C) Half- Yearly
(D) Annual

94. Call Number of a Book Means
(A) Book Number
(B) Class Number
(C) Both (A) and (B) are true
(D) None of the above

95. Zero Base Budgeting system was propounded by
(A) Peter F. Drucker
(B) P.N. Kaula
(C) E.Mayo
(D) Pter Phyrr

96. When Zero Base Budgeting system was first prepared
(A)1950
(B) 1960
(C)1970
(D) 1980

97. Posting the right person at the right place is called ________
(A) Recruitment
(B) Coaching
(C) Deployment
(D) Induction

98. Sheets before and after the text of a book are called _________. .
A. End papers
B. Attach cover
C Head bands
D Gilding

99. TQM is a system of continuous improvement employing participative management and centered on needs of the ________
(A) Customers
(B) Staff
(C) Organization
(D) Government

100.Financial support given to libraries are of two types (i) Recurring and(ii)………
(A) Ad-hoc
(B) Endowments
(C) Annual
(D) Non-recurring
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Answers
1) Answer: (C)
2) Answer: (A)
3) Answer: (A)
4) Answer: (D)
5) Answer: (B)
6) Answer: (C)
7) Answer: (B)
8) Answer: (D)
9) Answer: (C)
10) Answer: (C)
11) Answer: (A)
12) Answer: (C)
13) Answer: (D)
14) Answer: ()*
15) Answer: ()*
16) Answer: (B)
17) Answer: (C)
18) Answer: (D)
19) Answer: (C)
20) Answer: (B)
21) Answer: (B)
22) Answer: (A)
23) Answer: (C)
24) Answer: (B)*
25) Answer: (C)
26) Answer: (B)
27) Answer: (C)
28) Answer: (C)*
29) Answer: (D)
30) Answer: (B)
31) Answer: (B)
32) Answer: (A)
33) Answer: (C)
34) Answer: (D)
35) Answer: (D)
36) Answer: (B)
37) Answer: (A)
38) Answer: (D)
39) Answer: (C)
40) Answer: (B)
41) Answer: (B)
42) Answer: (B)
43) Answer: (C)
44) Answer: (C)
45) Answer: (D)
46) Answer: (C)
47) Answer: (A)
48) Answer: (D)
49) Answer: (D)
50) Answer: (A)*
51) Answer: (C)
52) Answer: (A)
53) Answer: (B)
54) Answer: (C)
55) Answer: (B)
56) Answer: (A)
57) Answer: (C)
58) Answer: (C)
59) Answer: (A)
60) Answer: (D)
61) Answer: (B)
62) Answer: (A)
63) Answer: (C)
64) Answer: (D)
65) Answer: (C)
66) Answer: (C)
67) Answer: (C)
68) Answer: (C)
69) Answer: (B)
70) Answer: (B)
71) Answer: (C)
72) Answer: (B)
73) Answer: (C)
74) Answer: (B)
75) Answer: (A)
76) Answer: (C)
77) Answer: (A)
78) Answer: (B)
79) Answer: (C)
80) Answer: (B)
81) Answer: (D)
82) Answer: (C)
83) Answer: (D)
84) Answer: (D)
85) Answer: (B)
86) Answer: (D)
87) Answer: (A)
88) Answer: (D)
89) Answer: (B)
90) Answer: (C)
91) Answer: (C)
92) Answer: (A)
93) Answer: (A)
94) Answer: (C)
95) Answer: (D)
96) Answer: (C)
97) Answer: (A)
98) Answer: (A)
99) Answer: (C)
100) Answe:(B)

Thursday, April 19, 2012

Career avenues in library science



Library science today calls for candidates skilled in the art of managing information with the help of technology tools.
Indispensible: A librarian's job involves a wide range of reading and processing of information content through cataloguing, classification and indexing, storing documents, and retrieving the required information. Photo: G. RAMAKRISHNA
Indispensible: A librarian's job involves a wide range of reading and processing of information content through cataloguing, classification and indexing, storing documents, and retrieving the required information. Photo: G. RAMAKRISHNA
Libraries are repositories of knowledge and information and are indispensable in the information age. With the merging of information technology with library science, the nature of libraries and the scope of their services have radically changed. The job involves a wide range of reading and processing of the information content through cataloguing, classification and indexing, storing documents, and retrieving the required information and so on.
Those interested in this discipline can pursue their degree course in library and information science (B.LI.Sc. / B.LiS). At a higher level, one can opt for a Master's degree (M.LISc / M.LIS), M.Phil. or Ph.D. in this discipline. Most universities in India offer one year Bachelor's degree in library and information science or two-year integrated Master's degree in the same discipline. The Bachelor's degree course includes the study of library classification, library and science, library management, cataloguing, information sources, information systems and services and the basics of information technology.
After obtaining Bachelor's degree in library and information science, students can opt for one-year regular Master's degree course in the same discipline. Graduates in other disciplines with at least 50 per cent marks can pursue the two-year (four semesters) integrated Master's programme in library and information science. Both these courses provide equal opportunities for employment. Many universities in south India have introduced the two-year integrated Master of Library and Information Science course. Some universities also conduct the one-year Master's programme for B.LISc. degree holders with 50 per cent marks and above.
The Library and Information Science, Department of University of Kerala, conducts a two year regular integrated Master's programme. Any graduate with at least 50 per cent marks can apply for admission.
Applicants will also have to pass a two-hour long entrance test carrying 100 marks aimed at testing their general knowledge and aptitude for librarianship. Candidates should have to obtain at least 40 marks in order to qualify the test. The total number of seats is 20. The seats are equally allocated among the degree holders in science, arts, and commerce subjects. The course content of the integrated Master's course includes information knowledge and communication, library and society, library management, information sources, organisation of knowledge, information technology, information processing and retrieval, information systems, research methodology, bibliometrics, IT applications in libraries and information system management. A dissertation and viva-voce is also part of the course.
The department also offers one-year self-financing M.LISc. evening programme. Those who have passed B.LISc. with at least 50 per cent marks are eligible to apply. For the one year Master's programme, students can choose from the following options – science information systems, agriculture information systems, social science information systems, health information systems, industrial information system, academic library system and public library systems.
A one year M.Phil. course is also offered by the department. The minimum eligibility for admission is a Master's degree in library and information science with at least 55 per cent marks.
The selection is based on the marks scored in the Master's course and an interview. The department also offers research facilities leading to Ph.D. degree. The minimum eligibility is a Master's degree in library and information science with at least 55 per cent marks and a pass in the UGC-NET. Web site: www.dliskerala.org.
The School of Communication and Information Science under the Mahatma Gandhi (MG) University, Kottayam, offers B.LISc. and M.LISc. courses. The one year (two semester) M.LISc. course here is conducted on a self-financing basis.
The Department of Library Science under the SB College, Changanassery, affiliated to the MG University conducts B.LISc. (30 seats) and M.LISc. (30 seats) courses. Admission to M.LISc. course is open to graduates in library and information science with at least 50 per cent marks. (For details visit www.sbcollege.org).
The Department of Library and Information Science of the Calicut University offers an integrated two year MLISc course.
Graduates in any discipline are eligible for admission. M.Phil. and Ph.D. programmes are also conducted.
Eligibility for M.LISc. degree course is at least 50 per cent marks in the degree course.
Address: Department of Library and Information Science, University of Calicut, Calicut University Campus, Tenhipalam, Malappuram.
Majilis Arts and Science College, Valancherry, Malappuram, also conducts integrated M.LISc. / B.LISc. programmes.
Outside Kerala
The Department of Library and Information Science of several universities in the country offers higher education facilities including B.LISc., two-year integrated M.LISc., one-year M.LISc., M.Phil. and Ph.D. programmes in the discipline. The following are a few among them:
University of Madras, Chepauk, Chennai
Bangalore University, Bangalore - 560056
Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar - 608002
Andhra University, Visakhapatnam - 530003
University of Mumbai, Mumbai - 400098
Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221005
Jiwaji University, Gwalior
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh- 202002
The Documentation, Research and Training Centre in Bangalore and the Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre, New Delhi, offer associateships in documentation and information science to experienced graduate librarians. The associateship is recognised as equivalent to M.LISc. degree.
Distance learning mode
Many universities offer graduate and postgraduate course in library and information science through distance education mode.
The Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) offers both these courses. Web site: www.ignou.ac.in.
The Institute of Distance Education of the University of Madras and the Directorate of Distance Educations of the Madurai Kamaraj University also offer graduate and postgraduate courses in library and information science. Web sites: www.unom.ac.in; www.mkudde.org.
Institute of Distance Education of the University of Kerala, Kariyavattom, Thiruvananthapuram, offers B.LISc. degree course through the distance education mode.
Directorate of Distance Education of Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, conducts B.LISc. course in the distance education mode. Web site: www.svudde.org.
Those who desire to get a government job should ensure that these distance learning courses are approved by the joint Committee of the Distance Education Council and UGC.
The list is only indicative. Details of more universities that offer higher education facilities in library and information science under the regular and distance education mode can be collected from the university handbooks published by the Association of Indian Universities which is available for reference in all University employment information and guidance bureaux functioning under universities.
Career prospects
Those who have passed B.LISc. and M.LISc. degrees are eligible to become second and third grade librarians or university library assistants.
Those who have obtained an M.LISc. or Ph.D. and have cleared the Junior Research Fellowship-National Eligibility Test (JRF-NET) can become lecturers in colleges and university departments.
To become a grade I librarian or assistant librarian in a college or university department, the requirement is M.LISc. and UGC- NET.
Job opportunities for postgraduate librarians are many in colleges, university departments, science and technology departments/ institutions, research organisations and so on. Scientific institutes appoint M.LISc. degree holders as scientific assistants/ officers
.

Library of the future - Sarah Hiddleston



Can the computer encourage critical thinking instead of passive reception? Brewster Kahle is trying to do just that with Internet Archive.


BREWSTER KAHLE:Facilitating the next generation library.

I magine everything ever written, posted, uploaded, filmed, recorded or broadcast available at the click of a mouse for free. Ideal or irreverent, it's Brewster Kahle's vision and he's making it happen while paywalls go up and rights arguments rage.
“We're building the library of Alexandria V2,” he gestures to academic publishers visiting his Internet Archive, located in a coincidentally neoclassical Christian Science church building in Funston Avenue, San Francisco. “Only this time anyone, anywhere can access it.”
Kahle, inventor of the predecessor to the worldwide web with an academic background in AI, believes that unless we put the best of what we have to offer in front of our children we'll get the generation we deserve.
“We're merging with the machine… Pretty soon we are going to be the computer. So let's make the computer an interesting companion. Let's teach it some good stuff. Otherwise it'll be an idiot and that's no fun,” he says.
Archival material
Kahle has archived over two million books, almost 3,00,000 movies, nearly 80,000 live concerts and over 5,60,000 audio recordings. He's mapped a complete record of every webpage every two months since 1996. It's called the Way Back Machine – if a page changes or an upload removed there's a good chance of finding the original on their search engine.
The idea, he hopes, is to encourage critical thinking instead of passive reception. Take TV, (they record 20 news channels 24x7) and take coverage of 9/11, which Internet Archive packaged and posted in October 2001. “What did the world see? CNN was saying that Palestinians were dancing in the streets. Were they? Let's look at Palestinian TV. Comes across very differently. I think we really know now that news comes with a point of view in this country (the U.S.),” he says. Kahle is showing off his newly relocated centre like Willy Wonka on a tour of his chocolate factory. He even has ompa lumpas, but that's another story.
“This [congregational hall] is the next generation library… Don't think of it in a row [of terminals] like an Internet café. Think of big screens where you might be collaborating with other people.” He and his team are still cooking up ideas. Awe-inspiring and interactive are the baselines.



We see the scanning centre, with their purpose built copiers complete with museum lighting and professional-grade digital cameras. Later on, in the old Sunday school, we see a machine about the height and width of a five-door filing cabinet, filled with rows of flashing slivers. It's a computer that stores 320 terabytes. Which is small. Their storage centre is made up of blocks of one petabyte (a million gigabyte) cabinets, named the PetaBox, which anyone can buy. “It's inexpensive because we designed it ourselves, even bent the metal. I think it's the first open source computer,” he says.
Kahle runs a tight ship. Internet Archive is non-profit making and runs off government subsidy and other donors. The goal was transparency. “We want people to know that we are not jet setting around on their material,” he says. There are 300 employees but only 40 are office workers, administrators and programmers. The other scanning centres are in Canada, the U.K. and Guatemala.
“What we want is more other people to be doing this stuff. They just aren't… What they are doing is often really ‘niche-y' or they just protect it. That's the Google problem,” he says.
Open access
Kahle is referring to the controversy over Google Books, which in 2002 set out to digitise millions of books and was sued for violating U.S. copyright law. In 2008 Google negotiated an agreement with the Author's Guild, so that over half Google's advertising and e-commerce revenues from the project go to copyright holders. Google can index the books but only display snippets in search results for free; any book downloaded must be paid for.
All things old enough not to have rights restrictions in the U.S., Internet Archive gives away. “The idea of downloading a million books is a good day for us. It's not something we are fighting against. Let's find out and do interesting things, non-traditional things, with our material,” he says.
Therein lies the rub. “We've got some structural problems with the web,” he says. “We gotta figure out how people keep publishing on the net and make money…We wish that capitalism would just work but it doesn't because it just goes to monopolies and kind of crushes everybody else.”
Rights issues, he says, are an artefact of power structures, and we are in the middle of a big transition. What it's really about, he says, is “institutional responsibility”; who is supposed to do what.
His ideal solution is open source at the core, with competition on services: “A distributed system for helping people set their own terms and have their own customers is the only way to make the Internet grow to the next level.”
Whatever that is, it's not the iPad. According to Kahle, instead of a shrunken general purpose Mac, the iPad is just a big iPhone - an environment that's too controlled by Apple. “That's sort of sick. It's not exploiting the better part of humans,” he says.
“I want to see these tablets prosper. But … it's the web-based applications that are the ones that are interesting. In terms of a publishing platform we have to make the web version of our for-sale products work. Because this app thing really favours a few power centres. If we want to keep power distributed let's go with open standards as mechanisms to distribute it. So that somebody in a garage can make a really cool tablet. And it doesn't have to be someone working at Google or Apple.”
Quick links

  • www.openlibrary.org is an online catalogue of books
  • www.archive.org for the Way Back Machine
  • http://www.capricorn-tech.com/to know more about the PetaBox
  • Wednesday, April 18, 2012

    The art of managing information - K. Lakshmi

        
     Career opportunities for librarians have increased manifold in this digital era.



    OPPORTUNITIES GALORE: Librarians need to keep themselves abreast of the latest technology to facilitate quick retrieval of information.

    Libraries have come a long way from being mere storehouses of books and periodicals. And the work profile of librarians has also undergone a tremendous change.
    According to librarians in the government sector, only a few chose library for a career a few decades ago and most of them were based in the public sector. Now, the number of libraries and the scope of the career have increased manifold.
    Officials of the Public Libraries department said a degree or postgraduate degree in library science is a must to take up job as a government librarian. Knowledge in computer science has also become a necessity to keep up with the emerging trend of digitisation. Many universities offer library science courses in distance education mode and regular stream. A. Amudavalli, professor and head, Department of Library and Information Science, University of Madras, said it is a misconception that such courses are now being offered only through distance education. The regular college students have better opportunities than the students of distance education mode.
    Various courses
    The Department established in 1937 offered certificate and diploma courses. Over time, undergraduate and postgraduate courses were merged together as a two-year Integrated Course in Master of Library and Information Science (MLIS). Later, the course was renamed M.Sc. in Library and Information Science as a full-time (regular) programme, she said.
    As the data is not limited to books anymore, the scope for careers in different fields has widened. Besides opportunities in traditional libraries, including those at schools and colleges, candidates could get placement in government department libraries and private sector libraries such as in IT firms and hospitals.
    “We constantly update the curriculum with new topics based on the current trends. The students are exposed to latest concepts such as digital libraries, computer applications and soft skills. This provides required competence for employability in various fields,” she said. As the new courses train students in management information system, they could also apply for jobs in banks for record and data management. Another important aspect of the curriculum is the one-month internship training at various major libraries.
    Career scope
    Most institutions, including non-governmental organisations, research and development labs, defence organisations and media houses, now have library equipped with latest technology and need qualified candidates.
    The department is also introducing P.G. Diploma in Digital Library Management in the coming academic year.
    Students would learn about digital data preservation, management and retrieval through this evening college programme.

    New vistas in Library Science

                             
     LIBRARY AND Information Science deals with the challenge of how to organise, control and access information. With the onslaught of information technology, libraries are making a rapid transition from card catalogues to digitalised services including making available information on CD-ROMs.
    In the ever-changing environment, it is the job of the library and information science professional to ensure that the information gets to the right user in the right place at the right time. It is a course for people who have a flair for reading and keep a tab on the developments on the information front. A degree programme in Library and Information Science is intensive in nature, and thereby demands students who are highly motivated and dedicated to learning. Librarians and information officers are expected to be organised, with an inquisitive mind, have an appetite for unearthing information, and acquire and prepare materials for use. Outstanding communication skills, quick grasping ability, skill for organising facts, speaking and writing skills, diplomacy, and knowledge to evaluate technical material is required.
    It is their responsibility to oversee the management of the library, supervise assistant librarians to prepare cards and computer records, and read book reviews, publishers' notifications and catalogues to be informed of current literature and other available resources. It is their endeavour to select and purchase materials from publishers, wholesalers and distributors, and arrange books and other library materials in an easily accessible mode.
    Job avenues
    Avenues for professionally qualified librarians are increasing. With computerisation and electronic storage systems, a course in library and information science has acquired a new look. Openings exist in information centres, which include public enterprise, industrial and commercial firms, public and institutional libraries, digital libraries, online libraries/archival services. There are opportunities in libraries run by schools, universities, colleges, professional bodies, libraries attached to embassies societies and research associations.
    Undergraduate courses
    Degree, diploma, vocational and specialised courses are available in library and information sciences. Undergraduate degree courses in library science and related disciplines include:
    Bachelor's Degree in Library Science (B.Lib).
    Bachelor's Degree in Library and Information Services.
    Bachelor's Degree in Library and Manuscriptology.
    Bachelor's Degree in Library and Documentation.
    The duration of the courses is one year. Only graduates (from any discipline) are admitted. Subjects covered include cataloguing, bibliography, documentation, research methodology, information storage and retrieval, manuscriptology, preservation and conservation, information systems and computer applications.
    Postgraduate programmes
    Postgraduate degree courses in library and related sciences include:
    Master's Degree in Library Science (M.Lib).
    Master's Degree in Library Science and Documentation.
    M.Phil and Ph.D in Library Science.
    Master's Degree in Library and Information Sciences.
    Only graduates with B.Lib are admitted to the Master's degree programmes. The courses are one year long. The eligibility for M.Phil and Ph.D. programmes is M.Lib.
    Areas of specialisation available at the PG level are library planning; management of Information Service (MIS); translation; archives management; technical writing; reprography; special library services; electronic solution to documentation etc.
    Vocational courses
    Vocational courses in library science are also offered to non-graduates for which the eligibility is Standard X.
    Specialised courses
    Specialised courses, meant for librarians and other in-service personnel, are also available. These include:
    Diploma in Medical Librarianship (by correspondence).
    Fresher and Advanced Courses in Library and Information Sciences.
    Postgraduate Diploma in Library Science.
    Computer Applications in Library Science.
    Some of the universities offering courses in Library and Information Science are:
    1. Bangalore University, Jnana Bharathi, Bangalore-560 056.
    2. Karnatak University, Pavate Nagar, Dharwad.
    3. University of Mysore, Crawford Hall, P.B.No. 17, Mysore-570 005. 4. Gulbarga University, Jnana Ganga, Gulbarga-585 106.
    4. Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Mangalore.
    5. Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal.
    6. Kuvempu University, Shankarghatta, Shimoga-577 451.
    The National Centre for Science Information, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, offers a course in "digital library and information services in enterprises" as part of the Information and Knowledge Management training programme. The Indira Gandhi National Open University offers distance education programme in Bachelor Of Library & Information Science (BLISc). The duration is one year and the eligibility is graduates with two years experience in a recognised library.

    A scholarly profession with promise



    The coming together of books and information technology requires today’s librarians to be interested in both                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      


    Financial woes: Among Indian libraries, the digital movement is lagging far behind.

    In the era of the global economy, the future of a country is tied to knowledge-leveraged growth. The prime movers to achieve such growth are education, research, and communication. A formidable infrastructure in education, reinforced by well-knit communication and dissemination systems is a sine qua non for knowledge-based growth.
    Life and living all around is today virtually under the grip of information and communication technologies. The enormous, unlimited array of information has to be managed and systematically transformed into a useful input for instant use. As such, automation of libraries is the demand of the hour worldwide to provide online access to books, journals and allied material.
    The work-culture in libraries is changing fast. Cyber libraries are opening, packed with digital documents, CD-Roms and talking books. Several libraries are being connected for resource sharing using the Internet. Information like research findings, data, databases, online yellow pages, electronic mail services, investment guides, travel guidelines with related maps, educational and career guidance and the like can easily be retrieved.
    As publishing is now moving to digital-media-formats, a library likewise needs to advance its devices and networking to make use of the digital material. Here, the collection of the library is stored and maintained in computer-accessible-form and accessed digitally through computer networking, regardless of its location. The process makes well-ordered, instant information-retrieval possible, globally.
    People are getting net-savvy and the demand for online digital information service is increasing manifold. Among Indian libraries, the digital movement is lagging far behind, primarily due to financial limitations.
    The old systems of acquisition, storage, organisation and dissemination are becoming obsolete. With the onslaught of Information Technology and the Internet, the very anatomy and application of resource material have been revolutionised. The present-day library is a liaison in communication progression and so is more ‘service-adept’ and less ‘resource-oriented’.
    Likewise, staff members have to be technically accomplished and skilfully proficient. Today, the librarian (or, Information Professional) functions as a “navigator”, an updater of information to intellectual reserves, with the help of search engines, e-resources, digitalisation and tools like Gopher, FTP, Telnet, Unix, MS-Office, Windows, Linux and so on.
    Emerging challenges
    Jobs in a library also consist of budgeting, accounting, acquisition of collection, organisation and management of the institution, besides rendering service to readers. IT, digitalisation, online global information, automation have added new dimensions. In the areas of self-education, distant learning and online schooling, the library is indispensable.
    The library profession has truly perceived the diversified dynamics of its job paradigms and so the training courses have been designed and drawn up accordingly, to meet emerging requirements and challenges. Currently, the following courses in LI. Sc are conducted by universities.
    • 10+2+3+1 Bachelor of Library and B.LI.Sc. Information Science (admission requirement: degree in any discipline)
    • 10+2+3+1+1 Master of Library and M.LI.Sc. Information Science (truncated course, one-year M.LI.Sc.) (admission requirement - B.L.I.Sc.)
    • 10+2+3+2 Master of Library and M.L.I.Sc. Information Science (integrated course) (admission requirement: degree in any discipline)
    • 10+2+3+2 Master of Library and M.L.I.Sc Information Science (bachelor’s degree in any discipline with Library and Information Science as one of the optional subjects)
    Universities are also conducting research and Ph.D programmes in Library and Information Science. Besides, certificate courses in Library Science of three to six-month duration are conducted at some places by Library Associations, for higher secondary students to work as semi-professional or librarian in a small library. Knowledge of foreign languages is an advantage in this profession.
    A knowledgeable librarian works as a guide, making the reader aware of the relevant literature, like any other teacher. In academic libraries, library professional’s grades and status have therefore, been prescribed by the UGC on a par with those of teachers of the universities and colleges. University Librarian, Deputy Librarian and Assistant Librarian are placed in the pay-scales of University Professor, Associate Professor and Assistant Professor respectively, provided they possess qualification on a par with the teachers, as prescribed by the UGC. In the institutions of science and technology and scientific research, library professionals are treated on a par with those of the corresponding scientists. In public libraries, however, librarians’ grades are not uniform and satisfactory. Grades here differ from State to State and much needs to be done to improve the conditions of the staff.
    With increased emphasis on spread of literacy and education, and a good number of new universities, IITs, engineering colleges, business and management schools and industrial establishments coming up, the job-market for library professionals looks green.
    Regarded as a noble profession, it is well-suited to women, to work in a quite environment, assisting information-seekers, especially the children.
    The librarian’s job is scholarly; it’s a career with promise of growth, meant for those interested in books and reading and keeping their knowledge abreast with contemporary literature and research.
    SHRI NATH SAHAI
    Retired University
    Professor-Librarian

    CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN LIBRARY & INFORMATION SCIENCE - Om Shashi Shekhar Singh



    Library and Information Science (LIS) is an interdisciplinary field that applies the practices, perspectives, and tools of management, information technology, education, and other areas to libraries; the collection, organization, preservation, and dissemination of information resources; and the political economy of information. The libraries being the repositories of knowledge and information, their importance has increased. In this situation, the librarianship has attained the status of a separate discipline. Librarians are the custodians of libraries and they organize, maintain, and store books in the libraries. They help people to find information and use it effectively in their personal and professional lives. The traditional libraries which contained only books now have periodicals, journals, micro-films, audio-videos, cassettes and slides for various purposes such as education, research, reference and pleasure.
          Historically, library science has also included archival science. This includes how information resources are organized to serve the needs of select user groups, how people interact with classification systems and technology, how information is acquired, evaluated and applied by people in and outside of libraries as well as cross-culturally, how people are trained and educated for careers in libraries, the ethics that guide library service and organization, the legal status of libraries and information resources, and the applied science of computer technology used in documentation and records management.
          The career in library includes areas like library and information systems management, classification/cataloguing systems, bibliography, documentation, preservation and conservation of manuscript, collection management, information systems and technology, research methodology, computer applications, reference, statistics and management, information processing, archives management, indexing, library planning, etc. Library science is constantly evolving, incorporating new topics like database management, information architecture and knowledge management, among others. It is an interesting subject and provides a great opportunity to have the knowledge of wide variety of information sources.
    A Day in a LIS Professional’s Life 
          
    On a typical day a librarian might perform some of the following duties:-
    1. ranalyse users’ needs and provide the information they need;
    2. show users how to efficiently search for information on the Internet and in other online resources;
    3. select and purchase materials and prepare those materials by classifying them according to subject matter;
    4. supervise assistants who prepare cards, computer records, or other access tools that direct users to resources;
    5. collect and organize books, pamphlets, manuscripts, and other materials in a specific field, such as rare books, genealogy, or music;
    6. coordinate programs such as storytelling for children, and literacy skills and book talks for adults;
    7. conduct classes as per need for junior professionals;
    8. publicize services;
    Eligibility 
          The first school for library science was founded by Melvil Dewey at Columbia University in 1887. The minimum qualification required to take up a course in Library Science is XII standard. Graduates from any stream can go for Bachelors degree in library science the duration of which is one year/ two semesters. After that, students can go for Masters Degree in library science, which is of one-year duration/two semesters course. Advanced studies in Library & Information Science include M. Phil and Ph.D. Besides, there are also diploma and certificate courses. Basically, a good librarian should have keen interest in books as well as a variety of topics, excellent communication skills, customer service attitude, methodical approach, high organizing ability/skills, and ability of understanding user needs.
    Employment outlook and opportunities  
          According to one report, library and information science has been ranked as one of the “Best Careers of 2008.” As India is moving towards a knowledge society with proliferation of learning and research institutes the demand and importance of library science is growing rapidly. Consequently, job opportunities for librarians are on the upswing. Nevertheless, with the advent of information technology and computers the traditional concept of is being redesigned to include not only books and other printed materials but also new tools of information like CD-ROM, internet, virtual libraries etc. There is a lot of scope for a career in library science and the person in this field can find employment opportunities in the following areas.
    1.   Public/Government libraries
    2.   Universities/collages/schools and other academic institutions
    3.   News agencies and organisations
    4.   Private organisations and special libraries
    5.   Foreign embassies
    6.   Photo/film/radio/television libraries
    7.   Information centres/documentation centers
    8.   Companies and organisations with large information handling requirements
    9.   Museums and galleries, which have reading rooms and research facilities
     10. Law library/Special library, etc.
    Types of library-science professionals: 

    Some of the career options are as given below:
    1. Library Attendant
    2. Library Assistant
    3. Semi-Professional Assistant
    4. Junior Librarian/Professional Assistant
    5. Assistant Librarian
    6. Deputy Librarian
    7. Librarian/Chief Librarian
    8. Researcher/Scientists/Application Specialist
    9. Consultant/Reference Librarian
    10. Cataloguer/Technical Assistant/Records Manager
    11. Director/Head Of Information Centre
    12. Senior Information Analyst
    13. Junior Information Analyst
    14. Senior Library Information Assistant
    15. Law Librarian
    16. Indexer
    17. Information architect
    18. Archivist
          LIS professionals can also aspire to get a job in private publishing houses and other private companies handling with voluminous information.
    Remuneration

    In the age of information revolution librarianship is a well paid job. However salaries of library professionals vary depending upon their individual qualifications, experience, size and nature of the hiring institutes. Persons with a superior record and high qualifications can achieve high positions. The salaries in college and university libraries are comparable to those of teachers. Indeed, the salaries of special librarians are high. Librarians employed in government museum, archives, galleries have higher earnings than those in colleges and universities. Librarians working in research institutes and private documentation centres also have handsome earnings.
    Some of the Major Institutions offering Courses in Library Science 
          National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resource (NISCAIR) New Delhi and Documentation Research & Training Centre (DRTC) Bengaluru are two prime institute offering Library and Information Science courses. Besides this, mostly all Indian universities offer degree courses in Library & Information Science, some are:
    • Jamia Millia Islamia, Delhi
    • Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (Website: www.bhu.ac.in)
    • Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
    • University of Delhi, Delhi
    • Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapeeth, Varanasi
    • Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh
    • Sampurnand Sanskrit Vishvidyalaya, Varanasi
    • Kurukhetra University, Haryana
    • Panjab University
    • Gujarat University;
    • Madurai Kamaraj University, Tamil Nadu
    • Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu
    • Makhanlal Chaturvedi National Institute of Journalism, Bhopal
    • Andhra University and Amravati University, Maharashtra
    • Arya Vidyapeeth Kanya Mahavidyalaya, Bharatpur (Rajasthan)
    • University of Rajasthan, Bhusawar , Bharatpur-321406, Rajashthan
    • Awadhesh Pratap Singh University, Rewa (Madhya Pradesh)- 486003 
    • Bangalore University, Bangalore (Karnataka)
    • Behani Siksha Mahavidyalaya, Pushkar Bye Pass, Ajmer (Rajasthan) – 305001
    • Bhavnagar University, Gauyrishanker Lake Road, Bhavnagar (Gujarat)- 364002
    • Birla Institute of Technology, Mersa, Ranchi ( Jharkhand )- 835215
    • Bishop Heber College, Post Box No. 615 , Tiruchirappalli (Tamil Nadu)- 620017
    • Bundelkhand University, Kanpur Road , Jhansi (Uttar Pradesh)- 284128
    • Osmania University Campus , Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh)– 500007
    • Lucknow University, Lucknow
    • Dr. Hari Singh Gour Sagar University, Sagar (M.P.)
    • Jivaji University, Gwalior (M.P.)
    • Bhim Rao Ambedkar University, Agra (U.P.)
    • Bilaspur University, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh
    Distance Education
    1. Indira Gandhi National Open University, Maidan Garhi, New Delhi-110068 Website : www.ignou.ac.in
    2. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Open University, Road No.46, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad - 500033, E-mail : braouap@hdl.dot.net.in
    3. Kota Open University, Rawatbhata Road, Akhelgarh, Kota-324010, Rajasthan, Tel.: 91-744-421254
    4. Nalanda Open University Camp. Office, 9 , Adarsh Colony, Kidwaipuri, Patna - 800001, Bihar, Tel.: 91-612-234330
    5. Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University, Dnyanagangotri, Near Gangapur Dam, Nashik-422005, Maharashtra, Website : www.ycmou.com 
    6. Madhya Pradesh Bhoj (Open) University, Red Cross Bhawan, Shivaji Nagar, Bhopal-462016, Madhya Pradesh, Tel.: 91-755-550606
    7. Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar Open University, Govt. Bungalow No.9, Dafnala, Shahi Baug, Ahmedabad-380003, Gujarat, Tel.: 91-79-2869690
    8. Karnataka State Open University, Manasagangotri, Mysore - 570006, Karnataka Tel.: 91-821-515149
    9. Netaji Subhas Open University, 1, Woodburn Park, Kolkata -700020, West Bengal E-mail : nsou@cal2.vsnl.net.in
    10. U.P.Rajarshi Tandon Open University, 17, Maharshi Dayanand  Marg (Thornhill Road), Allahabad -21100, Uttar Pradesh, E-mail : sanyal@nde.vsnl.net.in

    (The above list is indicative only)
    (the writer is, Chief Librarian, Navodaya Vidyalaya, Mewat - 122108, Haryana, E-mail:shekharlib@yahoo.co.in)

    Source/Courtesy- Employement News